b) Polarized light waves are light waves in which the vibrations occur in a (1 word) plane.

c) The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light is known as (1 word). There are a variety of methods of polarizing light and we will list only 4 of them: polarization by   (1 word), by (1 word), by (1 word), by (1 word).

3. a) The most common method of polarization involves the use of a (2 words) which is made of a special material which is capable of (5 words) planes of vibration of an electromagnetic wave. When unpolarized light is transmitted through a Polaroid filter, it emerges with (2 words) the intensity and with vibrations in a single plane; it emerges as (1 word) light.

 b) The chemical composition of the filter material has long-chain molecules that are aligned within the filter in the (2 words). During the fabrication of the filter, the long-chain molecules are stretched across the filter so that each molecule is (as much as possible) aligned in say the vertical direction. As unpolarized light strikes the filter, the portion of the waves vibrating in the vertical direction are (1 word) by the filter. The general rule is that the electromagnetic vibrations which are in a direction parallel to the alignment of the molecules are    (1 word).

c) The alignment of the long-chain molecules within the filter gives it a (2 words). This polarization axis extends across the length of the filter and only allows vibrations of the electromagnetic wave that are (1 word) to the axis to pass through. Any vibrations which are (1 word) to the polarization axis are blocked by the filter. Thus, a Polaroid filter with its long-chain molecules aligned horizontally will have a polarization axis aligned (1 word).

 

4. a) A picket-fence analogy is often used to explain how this dual-filter demonstration works. A picket fence can act as a polarizer by transforming an unpolarized wave in a rope into a wave which vibrates in a single plane. The spaces between the pickets of the fence will allow vibrations which are (1 word) to the spacings to pass through while blocking any vibrations which are (1 word) to the spacings.

 b) If two picket fences are oriented such that the pickets are both aligned vertically, then (1 word) vibrations will pass through both fences. On the other hand, if the pickets of the second fence are aligned horizontally, then the vertical vibrations which (1 word) through the first fence will be (1 word) by the second fence.

c) The fact that two Polaroid filters oriented with their polarization axes perpendicular to each other will (4 words), could never be explained by a (1 word) view of light.

5. a) Unpolarized light can also undergo polarization by reflection off of (1 word) surfaces (i.e. asphalt roadways, snow fields and water). The extent to which polarization occurs is dependent upon the (1 word) at which the light approaches the surface and upon the (1 word)which the surface is made of.

b) The polarization of reflected light has a large concentration of vibrations in a plane (1 word) to the reflecting surface.   Light reflected off a lake is partially polarized in a direction parallel to the (2 words). If extent of polarization is large, the objects viewed in light polarized by reflection are seen in a (1 word) which can be reduced by using of glare-reducing sunglasses with the proper polarization axis allows for the blocking of this partially polarized light. By blocking the plane-polarized light, the glare is (1 word) and the fisherman can more easily see fish located under the water.

6. a) Polarization by refraction can be observed by using (2 words), a (2 words) crystal, a rather rare form of the mineral (1 word) which refracts incident light into two different paths. By looking through the calcite crystal, two images will be seen as a result of the (2 words) of light. Both refracted light beams are polarized - one in a direction (1 word) to the surface and the other in a direction (1 word) to the surface.

b) Since these two refracted rays are polarized with a (1 word) orientation, a polarizing (1 word) can be used to completely block one of the images. If the polarization axis of the filter is aligned perpendicular to the plane of polarized light, the light is (2 words) by the filter; meanwhile the second image is (5 words). And if the filter is then turned 90-degrees in either direction, the second image   (1 word) reappears and the first image (1 word).

c) Polarization by refraction can only be explained if light exhibits a (2 words) behavior.

7. a) Polarization by scattering is observed when light is scattered while traveling through a medium, and strikes the atoms of a material, setting the electrons of those atoms into vibration. The interaction of sunlight with matter can result in one of three wave behaviors: (4 words). The two most common types of matter present in the atmosphere are gaseous (1 word) and (1 word). These particles are most effective in scattering the (1 word) frequency and (1 word) wavelength portions of the visible light spectrum (i.e. the  part of the spectrum).

b) As white light (ROYGBIV) from the sun passes through our atmosphere, the high frequencies (BIV) become (1 word) by atmospheric particles while the lower frequencies (ROY) are most likely to (1 word) through the atmosphere without a significant alteration in their direction. The (1 word) frequencies of sunlight ( abbreviation/part of the visible spectrum)  tend to reach our eyes as we sight directly at the sun during midday.

b) Approaching sunset, the appearance of the sun changes, gradually turning colors because sunlight must traverse a (1 word) distance through our atmosphere.

c) As the path which sunlight takes through our atmosphere increases in length, ROYGBIV encounters more and more atmospheric particles. This results in the scattering of greater and greater amounts of (1 word) light. During sunset hours, the light passing through our atmosphere to our eyes tends to be most concentrated with (3 words) frequencies of light.